Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) licence 100017572

Increasing river temperatures are a threat to many of Scotland's freshwater species which are often adapted to live in cool environments. This includes ecologically and economically important freshwater fish species such as Atlantic salmon and brown trout. Management of riparian woodland is proven to protect cold water habitats. However, Scotland has ca. 108,000 km of rivers, of which only ca. 35% are protected by any substantial tree cover. Furthermore, the creation of new riparian woodland can be costly and logistically challenging compared to other forms of large scale woodland creation. It is therefore important that riparian tree planting is prioritised to areas where it can have greatest benefits for river temperature, specifically, where  rivers are (1) hottest (2) most sensitive to climate change and (3) can be effectively cooled by riparian woodland. These three individual criteria can be combined with an equal weight to provide a single riparian woodland prioritisation score that looks to maximise the benefits of riparian tree planting for protecting Scotland’s rivers from the adverse effects of climate change.  

Details of the modelling work that produced the river temperature and climate sensitivity predictions can be found in the peer reviewed manuscript: Jackson et al (2018) ‘A spatio-temporal statistical model of maximum daily river temperatures to inform the management of Scotland's Atlantic salmon rivers under climate change.’

Details of the modelling work that identifies where riparian trees can have the greatest effect in reducing summer maximum river temperatures can be found in: Jackson, F.L., Hannah, D.M., Ouellet, V. and Malcolm, I.A. (2021) A deterministic river temperature model to prioritise management of riparian woodlands to reduce summer maximum river temperatures.

Given the variety of potential tree planting options (southerly banks, northerly banks, both banks) and the need to scale results both nationally and locally, the outputs are illustrated as six layers on Marine Scotland Maps NMPi:

1. Nationally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on both banks
2. Nationally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the most southerly bank
3. Nationally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the most northerly bank
4. Locally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on both banks
5. Locally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the southerly bank
6. Locally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the northerly bank

Riparian woodland prioritisation scores are on a scale of 1- 20, where 1 is low priority (low temperature, weak sensitivity to climate change and only a small reduction in temperature gained from planting trees) and 20 is high priority (high temperature, strong sensitivity to climate and a large expected reduction in temperature where trees are planted).

To visualise the three bank scenarios it is necessary to produce a total of 3 spatial layers (i.e. planting both banks, planting on southerly bank, planting on northerly bank). However, the scores are consistent between these layers. To support decision making at different spatial scales layers were produced to identify priorities at a national scale and then re-scaled at a hydrometric area (regional) scale to highlight local priority areas

Very small rivers (First (Strahler) order rivers on the CEH digital river network) were removed from this dataset. NAs exist where we are unable to make predictions of maximum temperature, climate sensitivity or planting potential. This includes locations in lochs or in circumstances where we cannot generate the required predictor variables.

Increasing river temperatures are a threat to many of Scotland's freshwater species which are often adapted to live in cool environments. This includes ecologically and economically important freshwater fish species such as Atlantic salmon and brown trout. Management of riparian woodland is proven to protect cold water habitats. However, Scotland has ca. 108,000 km of rivers, of which only ca. 35% are protected by any substantial tree cover. Furthermore, the creation of new riparian woodland can be costly and logistically challenging compared to other forms of large scale woodland creation. It is therefore important that riparian tree planting is prioritised to areas where it can have greatest benefits for river temperature, specifically, where  rivers are (1) hottest (2) most sensitive to climate change and (3) can be effectively cooled by riparian woodland. These three individual criteria can be combined with an equal weight to provide a single riparian woodland prioritisation score that looks to maximise the benefits of riparian tree planting for protecting Scotland’s rivers from the adverse effects of climate change.  

Details of the modelling work that produced the river temperature and climate sensitivity predictions can be found in the peer reviewed manuscript: Jackson et al (2018) ‘A spatio-temporal statistical model of maximum daily river temperatures to inform the management of Scotland's Atlantic salmon rivers under climate change.’

Details of the modelling work that identifies where riparian trees can have the greatest effect in reducing summer maximum river temperatures can be found in: Jackson, F.L., Hannah, D.M., Ouellet, V. and Malcolm, I.A. (2021) A deterministic river temperature model to prioritise management of riparian woodlands to reduce summer maximum river temperatures.

Given the variety of potential tree planting options (southerly banks, northerly banks, both banks) and the need to scale results both nationally and locally, the outputs are illustrated as six layers on Marine Scotland Maps NMPi:

1. Nationally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on both banks
2. Nationally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the most southerly bank
3. Nationally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the most northerly bank
4. Locally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on both banks
5. Locally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the southerly bank
6. Locally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the northerly bank

Riparian woodland prioritisation scores are on a scale of 1- 20, where 1 is low priority (low temperature, weak sensitivity to climate change and only a small reduction in temperature gained from planting trees) and 20 is high priority (high temperature, strong sensitivity to climate and a large expected reduction in temperature where trees are planted).

To visualise the three bank scenarios it is necessary to produce a total of 3 spatial layers (i.e. planting both banks, planting on southerly bank, planting on northerly bank). However, the scores are consistent between these layers. To support decision making at different spatial scales layers were produced to identify priorities at a national scale and then re-scaled at a hydrometric area (regional) scale to highlight local priority areas

Very small rivers (First (Strahler) order rivers on the CEH digital river network) were removed from this dataset. NAs exist where we are unable to make predictions of maximum temperature, climate sensitivity or planting potential. This includes locations in lochs or in circumstances where we cannot generate the required predictor variables.

Increasing river temperatures are a threat to many of Scotland's freshwater species which are often adapted to live in cool environments. This includes ecologically and economically important freshwater fish species such as Atlantic salmon and brown trout. Management of riparian woodland is proven to protect cold water habitats. However, Scotland has ca. 108,000 km of rivers, of which only ca. 35% are protected by any substantial tree cover. Furthermore, the creation of new riparian woodland can be costly and logistically challenging compared to other forms of large scale woodland creation. It is therefore important that riparian tree planting is prioritised to areas where it can have greatest benefits for river temperature, specifically, where  rivers are (1) hottest (2) most sensitive to climate change and (3) can be effectively cooled by riparian woodland. These three individual criteria can be combined with an equal weight to provide a single riparian woodland prioritisation score that looks to maximise the benefits of riparian tree planting for protecting Scotland’s rivers from the adverse effects of climate change.  

Details of the modelling work that produced the river temperature and climate sensitivity predictions can be found in the peer reviewed manuscript: Jackson et al (2018) ‘A spatio-temporal statistical model of maximum daily river temperatures to inform the management of Scotland's Atlantic salmon rivers under climate change.’

Details of the modelling work that identifies where riparian trees can have the greatest effect in reducing summer maximum river temperatures can be found in: Jackson, F.L., Hannah, D.M., Ouellet, V. and Malcolm, I.A. (2021) A deterministic river temperature model to prioritise management of riparian woodlands to reduce summer maximum river temperatures.

Given the variety of potential tree planting options (southerly banks, northerly banks, both banks) and the need to scale results both nationally and locally, the outputs are illustrated as six layers on Marine Scotland Maps NMPi:

1. Nationally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on both banks
2. Nationally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the most southerly bank
3. Nationally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the most northerly bank
4. Locally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on both banks
5. Locally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the southerly bank
6. Locally scaled tree planting prioritisation score where trees are planted on only the northerly bank

Riparian woodland prioritisation scores are on a scale of 1- 20, where 1 is low priority (low temperature, weak sensitivity to climate change and only a small reduction in temperature gained from planting trees) and 20 is high priority (high temperature, strong sensitivity to climate and a large expected reduction in temperature where trees are planted).

To visualise the three bank scenarios it is necessary to produce a total of 3 spatial layers (i.e. planting both banks, planting on southerly bank, planting on northerly bank). However, the scores are consistent between these layers. To support decision making at different spatial scales layers were produced to identify priorities at a national scale and then re-scaled at a hydrometric area (regional) scale to highlight local priority areas

Very small rivers (First (Strahler) order rivers on the CEH digital river network) were removed from this dataset. NAs exist where we are unable to make predictions of maximum temperature, climate sensitivity or planting potential. This includes locations in lochs or in circumstances where we cannot generate the required predictor variables.

This layer has been developed to combine the outputs from “summer_max_tw_2003” and “summer_climate_change_sensitivity” SRTMN layers into a single layer that can be used to prioritise management where the relative importance of maximum temperature and temperature change are considered to be equal.

This was achieved by (1) dividing the predictions of ‘summer_max_tw_2003’ and ‘summer_climate_change_sensitivity’ into 5 equal categories between the minimum and maximum observed values (2) assigning these categories a value ranging from 1  (the hottest / most sensitive rivers) to 5 (the coolest / least sensitive rivers) (3) sum the rankings (-1) to produce an overall priority ranking (1:9) where rivers ranked as 1 are the highest priority for management (i.e. high river temperature and high climate sensitivity) and 9 the lowest.