Literature

van der Heijden, L.H. & Kamenos, N.A., 2015. Reviews and syntheses: calculating the global contribution of coralline algae to total carbon burial. Biogeosciences, 12(21), pp.6429-6441. Available at: https://www.biogeosciences.net/12/6429/2015/.

van Geel, C.F.N., 2016. Predator movements in complex geography: spatial distribution and temporal occurrence of low-density bottlenose dolphin communities off western Scotland. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen. Available at: https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.693272.

van Katwijk, M.M. et al., 2019. Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large‐scale planting. Journal of Applied Ecology, 56(7), pp.1856-1856 . Available at: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.12562.

Vanden Berghe, M. et al., 2012. Selective transfer of persistent organic pollutants and their metabolites in grey seals during lactation. Environment International, 46, pp.6 - 15. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412012000955.

Vaquer-Sunyer, R. & Duarte, C.M., 2008. Thresholds of hypoxia for marine biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, pp.15452–15457. Available at: https://www.pnas.org/content/105/40/15452.

Veiga, J.M. et al., 2016. Identifying Sources of Marine Litter. MSFD GES TG Marine Litter Thematic Report, Ispra: Joint Research Centre (JRC). Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/MSFD_identifying_sources_of_marine_litter.pdf.

Vennell, R. et al., 2015. Designing large arrays of tidal turbines: A synthesis and review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, pp.454 - 472. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114006984.

Venø, S.K. et al., 2019. Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke, 50(2), pp.274 - 282. Available at: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023384.

Vergeer, L.H.T. & den Hartog, C., 1994. Omnipresence of Labyrinthuaceae on seagrass. Aquatic Botany, 48.

Vergeer, L.H.T. & den Hartog, C., 1991. Occurrence of wasting disease in Zostera noltii. Aquatic Botany, 40(2), pp.155 - 163. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030437709190093K.

Vethaak, D. & Jol, J.G., 1996. Diseases of flounder Platichthys flesus in Dutch coastal and estuarine waters, with particular reference to environmental stress factors. I. Epizootiology of gross lesions. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 26(2), pp.81 - 97. Available at: http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v26/n2/p81-97/.

Vethaak, D. et al., 1996. Skin and liver diseases induced in flounder (Platichthys flesus) after long-term exposure to contaminated sediments in large-scale mesocosms. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(11), pp.1218 - 1229. Available at: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.961041218.

Vethaak, D. et al., 1992. Fish disease monitoring along a pollution transect: a case study using dab Limanda limanda in the German Bight. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 91, pp.173 - 192. Available at: http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/91/m091p173.pdf.

Vethaak, D., 1992. Diseases of flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) in the Dutch Wadden Sea, and their relation to stress factors. , 29(1), pp.257 - 271. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/007775799290025A.

Victorero, L. et al., 2016. Reconstruction of the formation history of the Darwin Mounds, N Rockall Trough: How the dynamics of a sandy contourite affected cold-water coral growth. The contourite log-book: significance for palaeoceanography, ecosystems and slope instability, 378, pp.186 - 195. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322715300724.

Vina-Herbon, C. et al., 2018. Extent of physical damage to predominant seafloor habitats. UK Marine Online Assessment Tool. Available at: https://moat.cefas.co.uk/biodiversity-food-webs-and-marine-protected-areas/benthic-habitats/physical-damage/.

von Biela, V.R. et al., 2016. Widespread kelp-derived carbon in pelagic and benthic nearshore fishes suggested by stable isotope analysis. . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. , 181.

Votier, S.C. et al., 2004. Changes in fisheries discard rates and seabird communities. , 427(6976), pp.727 - 730. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02315.

Waggitt, J. et al., 2019. Distribution maps of cetacean and seabird populations in the North‐East Atlantic. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57, pp.253 - 269.

Wakefield, E. et al., 2017. Breeding density, fine-scale tracking and large-scale modeling reveal the regional distribution of four seabird species. , 27. Available at: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1591.

Waldman, S. et al., 2019. Future policy implications of tidal energy array interactions. Marine Policy, 108. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X19302994?via%3Dihub.

Walker, F.T., 1947. A Seaweed Survey of Scotland – Fucaceae. , 159(2), pp.90 - 99. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/proceedingslinnean/article-abstract/159/2/90/2254017?redirectedFrom=fulltext.

Walsh, P.M. et al., 1995. Seabird monitoring handbook for Britain and Ireland: a compilation of methods for survey and monitoring of breeding seabirds, JNCC, RSPB, ITE and Seabird Group. Available at: https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/bf4516ad-ecde-4831-a2cb-d10d89128497.

Walsham, P. et al., 2014. UK Ocean Acidification Coastal Monitoring Network - Expanding the UK Network. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 5(1). Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0044/00442616.pdf.

Wanless, S. et al., 2007. Black-legged kittiwakes as indicators of environmental change in the North Sea. Evidence from long-term studiesProgress in Oceanography, 72(1), pp.30 - 38. Available at: https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/black-legged-kittiwakes-as-indicators-of-environmental-change-in-.

Wanless, S. et al., 2008. The impact of the sandeel fishery closure on seabird food consumption, distribution, and productivity in the northwestern North Sea. , 65, pp.362 - 381. Available at: https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/f07-164.

Wanless, S. et al., 2018. Community-wide decline in the occurrence of lesser sandeels Ammodytes marinus in seabird chick diets at a North Sea colony. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 600, pp.193–206. Available at: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/520665/.

Weaver, R. et al., 2020. Supporting the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the UK's marine sectors, Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/supporting-economic-social-environmental-sustainability-uks-marine-sectors/pages/2/.

Webster, L. et al., 2016. Taint, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) and N-Alkane Analysis of Farmed Mussels and Salmon Samples Following the Transocean Winner Rig Incident. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 7(22). Available at: https://data.marine.gov.scot/dataset/taint-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbon-pahs-and-n-alkane-analysis-farmed-mussels-and-salmon.

Weegman, M.D. et al., 2016. Integrated population modelling reveals a perceived source to be a cryptic sink. Journal of Animal Ecology, 85(2), pp.467 - 475. Available at: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2656.12481.

Weijer, W. et al., 2020. CMIP6 models predict significant 21st century decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Geophysical Research LettersGeophysical Research LettersGeophys. Res. Lett., 47(12), p.e2019GL086075. Available at: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL086075.

Weijs, L. et al., 2009. Inter-species differences for polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine top predators from the Southern North Sea: Part 1. Accumulation patterns in harbour seals and harbour porpoises. Environmental Pollution, 157, pp.437 - 444. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749108004764.

Weijs, L. et al., 2009. Concentrations of chlorinated and brominated contaminants and their metabolites in serum of harbour seals and harbour porpoises. Environment International, 35(6), pp.842 - 850. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412009000531.

Weir, C.R. et al., 2001. Cetaceans of the Atlantic Frontier, north and west of Scotland. The Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic Margin, 21(8), pp.1047 - 1071. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278434300001242.

Welsh Government, 2016. Development of a coastal community typology, Welsh Government. Available at: https://gov.wales/development-coastal-community-typology.

Welsh Government, 2016. Development of a coastal community typology- An overview of coastal communities and how marine activities can support their development. Available at: https://gov.wales/development-coastal-community-typology .

WFD, 2003. Transitional and coastal waters - typology, reference conditions and classification systems. . Available at: https://tinyurl.com/y9owg5xa.

WFD-UKTAG, 2014. UKTAG Transitional & Coastal Water Assessment Method: Angiosperm, Intertidal Seagrass Tool, Stirling: UKTAG c/o SEPA. Available at: https://www.wfduk.org/sites/default/files/Media/Characterisation of the water environment/Biological Method Statements/TraC Intertidal Seagrass Tool UKTAG Method Statement.PDF.

WFD-UKTAG, 2014. UKTAG Transitional and Coastal Water Assessment Method: Macroalgae, Opportunistic Macroalgal Blooming Tool, Stirling, Scotland: Water Framework Directive - United Kingdom Advisory Group (WFD-UKTAG). Available at: http://www.wfduk.org/sites/default/files/Media/Characterisation%20of%20the%20water%20environment/Biological%20Method%20Statements/TraC%20Macroalgae%20OMBT%20UKTAG%20Method%20Statement.pdf.

WGMME, 2016. Report of the Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME)., Massachusetts: ICES, Woods Hole. Available at: http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2016/WGMME/wgmme_2016.pdf.

Whittingham, M.J. et al., 2019. Offshore refuges support higher densities and show slower population declines of wintering Ruddy Turnstones Arenaria interpres. Bird Study, 66(4), pp.431 - 440. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00063657.2020.1713725.

WHO, 2003. Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 1: coastal and fresh waters, Geneva: WHO. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241545801.pdf?ua=1.

Whyte, C., Swan, S. & Davidson, K., 2014. Changing wind patterns linked to unusually high Dinophysis blooms around the Shetland Islands, Scotland. Harmful Algae, 39, pp.365 - 373. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988314001681.

Whyte, J.J. et al., 2000. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) Activity in Fish as a Biomarker of Chemical Exposure. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 30(4), pp.347 - 570. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408440091159239.

Wijsman, J.W.M. et al., 2019. Global production of marine bivalves. Trends and challenges. In A. C. Smaal et al., eds. Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves. Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 7 - 26. Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-96776-9_2.

Wilcox, C., Van Sebille, E. & Hardesty, B.Denise, 2015. Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, pp.11899–11904. Available at: https://www.pnas.org/content/112/38/11899.

Wilding, C. et al., 2016. Descriptions of Scottish Priority Marine Features (PMFs) H. Tyler-Walters, James, B., & Carruthers, M., eds., Inverness: Scottish Natural Heritage. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/Publication%202016%20-%20SNH%20Commissioned%20Report%20406%20-%20Descriptions%20of%20Scottish%20Priority%20Marine%20Features%20%28PMFs%29.pdf.

Wileman, D.A. et al., 1999. Roundfish and Nephrops survival after escape from commercial fishing gear. Final report to the European Commission,

Wilhelm, T.'Aulani et al., 2014. Large marine protected areas – advantages and challenges of going big. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24(S2), pp.24 - 30. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aqc.2499.

Williamson, P. et al., 2013. Impacts of ocean acidification, Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership. Available at: http://www.mccip.org.uk/impacts-report-cards/full-report-cards/2013/climate-of-the-marine-environment/ocean-acidification/.