Literature

WFD, 2003. Transitional and coastal waters - typology, reference conditions and classification systems. . Available at: https://tinyurl.com/y9owg5xa.

Welsh Government, 2016. Development of a coastal community typology, Welsh Government. Available at: https://gov.wales/development-coastal-community-typology.

Welsh Government, 2016. Development of a coastal community typology- An overview of coastal communities and how marine activities can support their development. Available at: https://gov.wales/development-coastal-community-typology .

Weir, C.R. et al., 2001. Cetaceans of the Atlantic Frontier, north and west of Scotland. The Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic Margin, 21(8), pp.1047 - 1071. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278434300001242.

Weijs, L. et al., 2009. Inter-species differences for polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine top predators from the Southern North Sea: Part 1. Accumulation patterns in harbour seals and harbour porpoises. Environmental Pollution, 157, pp.437 - 444. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749108004764.

Weijs, L. et al., 2009. Concentrations of chlorinated and brominated contaminants and their metabolites in serum of harbour seals and harbour porpoises. Environment International, 35(6), pp.842 - 850. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412009000531.

Weijer, W. et al., 2020. CMIP6 models predict significant 21st century decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Geophysical Research LettersGeophysical Research LettersGeophys. Res. Lett., 47(12), p.e2019GL086075. Available at: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL086075.

Weegman, M.D. et al., 2016. Integrated population modelling reveals a perceived source to be a cryptic sink. Journal of Animal Ecology, 85(2), pp.467 - 475. Available at: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2656.12481.

Webster, L. et al., 2016. Taint, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) and N-Alkane Analysis of Farmed Mussels and Salmon Samples Following the Transocean Winner Rig Incident. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 7(22). Available at: https://data.marine.gov.scot/dataset/taint-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbon-pahs-and-n-alkane-analysis-farmed-mussels-and-salmon.

Weaver, R. et al., 2020. Supporting the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the UK's marine sectors, Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/supporting-economic-social-environmental-sustainability-uks-marine-sectors/pages/2/.

Wanless, S. et al., 2007. Black-legged kittiwakes as indicators of environmental change in the North Sea. Evidence from long-term studiesProgress in Oceanography, 72(1), pp.30 - 38. Available at: https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/black-legged-kittiwakes-as-indicators-of-environmental-change-in-.

Wanless, S. et al., 2008. The impact of the sandeel fishery closure on seabird food consumption, distribution, and productivity in the northwestern North Sea. , 65, pp.362 - 381. Available at: https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/f07-164.

Wanless, S. et al., 2018. Community-wide decline in the occurrence of lesser sandeels Ammodytes marinus in seabird chick diets at a North Sea colony. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 600, pp.193–206. Available at: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/520665/.

Walsham, P. et al., 2014. UK Ocean Acidification Coastal Monitoring Network - Expanding the UK Network. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 5(1). Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0044/00442616.pdf.

Walsh, P.M. et al., 1995. Seabird monitoring handbook for Britain and Ireland: a compilation of methods for survey and monitoring of breeding seabirds, JNCC, RSPB, ITE and Seabird Group. Available at: https://hub.jncc.gov.uk/assets/bf4516ad-ecde-4831-a2cb-d10d89128497.

Walker, F.T., 1947. A Seaweed Survey of Scotland – Fucaceae. , 159(2), pp.90 - 99. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/proceedingslinnean/article-abstract/159/2/90/2254017?redirectedFrom=fulltext.

Waldman, S. et al., 2019. Future policy implications of tidal energy array interactions. Marine Policy, 108. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X19302994?via%3Dihub.

Wakefield, E. et al., 2017. Breeding density, fine-scale tracking and large-scale modeling reveal the regional distribution of four seabird species. , 27. Available at: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1591.

Waggitt, J. et al., 2019. Distribution maps of cetacean and seabird populations in the North‐East Atlantic. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57, pp.253 - 269.

Votier, S.C. et al., 2004. Changes in fisheries discard rates and seabird communities. , 427(6976), pp.727 - 730. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02315.

von Biela, V.R. et al., 2016. Widespread kelp-derived carbon in pelagic and benthic nearshore fishes suggested by stable isotope analysis. . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. , 181.

Vina-Herbon, C. et al., 2018. Extent of physical damage to predominant seafloor habitats. UK Marine Online Assessment Tool. Available at: https://moat.cefas.co.uk/biodiversity-food-webs-and-marine-protected-areas/benthic-habitats/physical-damage/.

Victorero, L. et al., 2016. Reconstruction of the formation history of the Darwin Mounds, N Rockall Trough: How the dynamics of a sandy contourite affected cold-water coral growth. The contourite log-book: significance for palaeoceanography, ecosystems and slope instability, 378, pp.186 - 195. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322715300724.

Vethaak, D., 1992. Diseases of flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) in the Dutch Wadden Sea, and their relation to stress factors. , 29(1), pp.257 - 271. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/007775799290025A.

Vethaak, D. & Jol, J.G., 1996. Diseases of flounder Platichthys flesus in Dutch coastal and estuarine waters, with particular reference to environmental stress factors. I. Epizootiology of gross lesions. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 26(2), pp.81 - 97. Available at: http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v26/n2/p81-97/.

Vethaak, D. et al., 1996. Skin and liver diseases induced in flounder (Platichthys flesus) after long-term exposure to contaminated sediments in large-scale mesocosms. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(11), pp.1218 - 1229. Available at: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.961041218.

Vethaak, D. et al., 1992. Fish disease monitoring along a pollution transect: a case study using dab Limanda limanda in the German Bight. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 91, pp.173 - 192. Available at: http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/91/m091p173.pdf.

Vergeer, L.H.T. & den Hartog, C., 1994. Omnipresence of Labyrinthuaceae on seagrass. Aquatic Botany, 48.

Vergeer, L.H.T. & den Hartog, C., 1991. Occurrence of wasting disease in Zostera noltii. Aquatic Botany, 40(2), pp.155 - 163. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030437709190093K.

Venø, S.K. et al., 2019. Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke, 50(2), pp.274 - 282. Available at: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023384.

Vennell, R. et al., 2015. Designing large arrays of tidal turbines: A synthesis and review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, pp.454 - 472. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114006984.

Veiga, J.M. et al., 2016. Identifying Sources of Marine Litter. MSFD GES TG Marine Litter Thematic Report, Ispra: Joint Research Centre (JRC). Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/MSFD_identifying_sources_of_marine_litter.pdf.

Vaquer-Sunyer, R. & Duarte, C.M., 2008. Thresholds of hypoxia for marine biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, pp.15452–15457. Available at: https://www.pnas.org/content/105/40/15452.

Vanden Berghe, M. et al., 2012. Selective transfer of persistent organic pollutants and their metabolites in grey seals during lactation. Environment International, 46, pp.6 - 15. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412012000955.

van Katwijk, M.M. et al., 2019. Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large‐scale planting. Journal of Applied Ecology, 56(7), pp.1856-1856 . Available at: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.12562.

van Geel, C.F.N., 2016. Predator movements in complex geography: spatial distribution and temporal occurrence of low-density bottlenose dolphin communities off western Scotland. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen. Available at: https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.693272.

van der Heijden, L.H. & Kamenos, N.A., 2015. Reviews and syntheses: calculating the global contribution of coralline algae to total carbon burial. Biogeosciences, 12(21), pp.6429-6441. Available at: https://www.biogeosciences.net/12/6429/2015/.

Vad, J. et al., 2020. Environmental controls and anthropogenic impacts on deep-sea sponge grounds in the Faroe-Shetland Channel, NE Atlantic: the importance of considering spatial scale to distinguish drivers of change. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 77(1), pp.451 - 461. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/77/1/451/5599858.

Unsworth, R.K. et al., 2019. Sowing the seeds of seagrass recovery using hessian bags. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7(311), pp.1-7. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2019.00311/full.

University Marine Biological Station Millport, 2007. Conservation of the native oyster Ostrea edulis in Scotland, Inverness: Scottish Natural Heritage. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/naturescot-commissioned-report-251-conservation-native-oyster-ostrea-edulis-scotland.

UNEP, 2005. Marine Litter: An analytical overview, Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11822/8348.

UKTAG, 2012. Practitioners guide to the infaunal quality index. Water Framework Directive: Transitional and Coastal Waters, London: UK Technical Advisory Group, Environment Agency . Available at: https://www.wfduk.org/sites/default/files/Media/Environmental standards/Annex 18 Transitional and coastal waters Invertebrates IQI.pdf.

UKTAG,0 UKTAG Guidance on the assessment of alien species pressures. Characterisation of the water environment: aliens species guidance. Modified from Feb 04-March 2013. , pp.1-20. Available at: http://www.wfduk.org/resources%20/guidance-assessment-alien-species-pressures.

UKTAG, 2015. Revised classification of aquatic alien species according to their level of impact, UKTAG (UK Technical Advisory Group on the Water Framework Directive). Available at: http://www.wfduk.org/resources/classification-alien-species-according-their-level-impact-revised-list.

UKTAG, 2014. UKTAG Guide to the Transitional Fish Classification Index (TFCI). . , p.35. Available at: https://www.wfduk.org/sites/default/files/Media/Characterisation%20of%20the%20water%20environment/Biological%20Method%20Statements/TW%20Fish%20UKTAG%20Method%20Statement.pdf.

UKTAG, 2013. Guidance on the assessment of alien species pressures. Characterisation of the water environment: Aliens Species guidance modified from Feb 04 - March 2013. , pp.1-20. Available at: http://www.wfduk.org/resources%20/guidance-assessment-alien-species-pressures.

UKTAG, 2004. Technical Advisory Group on the Water Framework Directive; guidance on typology for coastal and transitional waters of the UK and Republic of Ireland. , pp.1-12. Available at: https://www.wfduk.org/sites/default/files/Media/Characterisation%20of%20the%20water%20environment/Marine%20typology_Final_281003.pdf.

UKTAG, 2017. UKTAG assessment method - alien species. Available at: http://www.wfduk.org/resources/surface-waters-alien-species.

UKTAG, 2015. Alien species alarm list. . Available at: http://www.wfduk.org/resources/alien-species-alarm-list.

UKTAG,0 Guidance on the assessment of alien species pressures. Available at: http://www.wfduk.org/resources%20/guidance-assessment-alien-species-pressures.